Bordetella bronchiseptica; Canine; Canine respiratory disease complex; Intranasal vaccine; Oral vaccine. Bordetella - Wikipedia Comparative efficacy of intranasal and oral vaccines ... Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). When an intranasal Bordetella vaccine is accidentally administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly there is risk for local cellulitis, hepatotoxicity and hypersensitivity reaction - or, on the other hand, no adverse effects at all might occur.. The intranasal Bordetella vaccine has been known to activate a previously asymptomatic collapsing trachea and disrupt phagocytic activity which can progress to pneumonia. The vaccine can cause a severe local reaction and may even kill the pet. NOBIVAC ® INTRA-TRAC ® 3 INTRANASAL OFFERS ADVANTAGES OVER ORAL AND INJECTABLE VACCINES *Dant JC, Waszgis B, LaFleur RL, Xu Z, Tarpey I. J Comp Pathol. . Christine A. Is it better to give a Bordetella shot by injection? Obviously both methods of delivery have their pros and cons. The idea for the nasal/mucosal route of administration is the IgA antibodies you get at site of exposure versus just the circulating IgG the subcutaneous vaccine provides. The vaccine started as a subcutaneous injection, then progressed into a nasal spray (but this was badly accepted by the dogs), and now matured into an Oral Bordetella vaccine. This vaccine helps to ward off a frequent illness that is known as kennel cough. Found inside â Page 637Avirulent intranasal vaccines could be given via the nostrils using special applicators. ... Severe liver damage and even death of the animal could be caused by an accidental injection of the intranasal Bordetella vaccines [194]. 5. VANGUARD ® B ORAL is the Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine that helps provide protection by stimulating a mucosal immune response. Doing so will not stimulate a protective immune response to Bordetella bronchiseptica. Effect of vaccination on experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs. Found inside â Page 852Administering an intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine in a 3 - week - old toy - breed puppy can be a ... Ancylostoma braziliensel DOSAGE HEARTGARDO Plus ( ivermectin / pyrantel ) Chewables should be administered orally at ... Twenty-one days later, all dogs were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of Bb. Additionally, Speaking for Spot provides you with lists of important questions to ask your veterinarian when contemplating a new medication, general anesthesia, a major procedure, or spaying/neutering. Petrovic Fabijan A, Aleksic Sabo V, Gavric D, Doffkay Z, Rakhely G, Knezevic P. Viruses. Puppies can get the Bordatella vaccine at 8 to 10 weeks of age. Readers ask: How is the Bordetella vaccine administered? The clinical signs of Bb infection are very similar to those of viral upper respiratory tract disease and there is mounting evidence that infection is widespread. Both provide protection against Kennel Cough, but they work in different ways. The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center notes that local cellulitis potentially progressing to abscess and local necrosis is the most common of . doi: 10.1111/jsap.13125. Changes like this can be challenging and inconvenient. intranasally), or as an injection under the skin (i.e. This is because Bordetella bronchiseptica is the most common bacterial agent responsible for kennel cough in dogs. Found inside â Page 249Inc . , Sioux Center , Iowa 51250 Text : Bordimmune oral vaccine is administered in the feed of Sows to induce colostral antibodies to Bordetella bronchiseptica . Bordimmune intranasal vaccine is administered to piglets within 12 hours ... Found inside â Page 253... rabies vaccines (noninfectious type) can provide immunity for 3 years in animals that have received two vaccines 1 year apart, but annual boosters are recommended for intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines (infectious type). Most often no problems arise when the vaccine is given by the incorrect route; however, while uncommon, the consequences can be severe. My puppy received an injection today and then the oral vaccine because we are going away in three weeks. Vanguard B contains an avirulent live culture of Bordetella bronchiseptica for intranasal (IN) vaccination of healthy dogs and puppies at least 3 weeks of age or older as an aid in preventing kennel cough [canine infectious tracheobronchitis (ITB)] caused by B. bronchiseptica. The vaccine is administered in a dog's buccal cavity, and Merial says studies suggest it offers dogs a "robust immune response after a single dose." Frank Capella, co-owner of Village Veterinary Hospital in Canastota, New . Found insideImmune responses and protection against Bordetella pertussis infection after intranasal immunization of mice with filamentous haemagglutinin in ... The oral absorption of micro-and nanoparticulates: neither exceptional nor unusual. Orally vaccinated puppies had higher rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing than the intranasally vaccinated puppies. Bordetella (/ ˌ b ɔːr d ə ˈ t ɛ l ə /) is a genus of small (0.2 - 0.7 µm), gram-negative coccobacilli of the phylum Proteobacteria. The intranasal vaccines containing modified-live viruses (CPiV and CAV-2) by the oral route because an intranasal vaccine, if administered orally, is not expected to induce protective immunity. The choice of routes in which the medication is given depends not only on the convenience and compliance but also on the drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic profile. Technological Approaches for Improving Vaccination Compliance and Coverage. intranasal, and ; oral. Jacobs AA, Bergman JG, Theelen RP, Jaspers R, Helps JM, Horspool LJ, Paul G. Vet Rec. Feline bordetellosis (Bb) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica. These include the intradermal route, the intranasal route, and the oral route. Should an inactivated (killed) Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine, intended for parenteral administration, be administered by the intranasal (IN) route? 2020 Jun 16;8(2):304. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020304. DO NOT ADMINISTER: An intranasal B bronchiseptica vaccine by the oral route because concentration of B bronchiseptica in an intranasal vaccine is less than that in an oral vaccine. Clinical studies have shown that as a mucosal vaccine, RECOMBITEK Oral Bordetella, offers dogs a robust immune response after a single dose. Occurrence and Predictors of Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Among Isolates From Dogs Presented With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at a Referral Veterinary Hospital in South Africa. VANGUARD ® B ORAL is the Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine that helps provide protection by stimulating a mucosal immune response. Found inside â Page 1604Bey RF, Shade FI, Goodnow RA, Iohnson RC (1981) Intranasal vaccination of dogs with live avirulent Bordetella ... secretory antibodies against Bordetella pertutsis antigens in the lungs of mice after oral or intranasal administration of ... How well do vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica work in dogs? "Doctors told us they like intranasal vaccines because they provide optimal immune responses, but doctors and their patients dislike having these vaccines . The side effects of the Bordetella vaccine can be rather difficult in some cases. MeSH subcutaneously). Bordetella vaccination is given either by injection or intra-nasal route. Bordetella vaccines can be given by mouth (i.e. Puppies can receive the injectable vaccine starting at 6 to 8 weeks of age, followed by a booster between 10 and 12 weeks of age. DESCRIPTION: Recombitek ® Oral Bordetella contains a lyophilized live avirulent culture of Bordetella bronchiseptica and a sterile diluent. 2001 Feb 1;218(3):367-75. doi: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.367. Introduction. Vet J. In a study that compared the mucosal delivery of the intranasal and oral Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine, the intranasal vaccine conferred stronger clinical immunity [10]. Found inside â Page 169In this case an oropharyngeal swab was taken for complete respiratory pathogen PCR panel with negative results for ... Like other respiratory pathogens it can be shed in nasal and oral secretions, but cats can contract Bordetella from ... It causes inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. The Bordetella bronchiseptica is gram-negative aerobic coccobacillus and is widely known for causing canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) also known as kennel cough. Bordetella Vaccine Side Effects. Many groomers, boarding kennel operators and even some veterinarians recommend the use of these vaccines every six months. Found inside â Page 649A recent study (Davis et al., 2007) has shown that intranasal vaccination prevents postchallenge shedding of ... Human Infection With Bordetella bronchiseptica Of importance to veterinarians is the fact that B. bronchiseptica can be ... One advantage of the intranasal Bordetella vaccine is that it has a fast onset of immunity, possibly within 48-72 hours. Found inside â Page 653Brownlie, R.M., et al., Stimulation of secretory antibodies against Bordetella pertussis antigens in the lungs of mice after oral or intranasal administration of liposomeâincorporated cellâsurface antigens. Microb Pathog, 1993. A booster may be necessary after 1 year, depending on manufacturer recommendations; revaccination every 3 years is considered protective. Bordetella (also referred to as tracheobronchitis, canine cough [in dogs], and feline bordetellosis [in cats]) is a … The only Bordetella vaccine available for cats. This has been effective for us without the drowning feeling for the wee ones. Antimicrobial therapy and vaccination. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. It's made of fentanyl citrate that is for oral transmucosal administration. Found inside â Page 103I. Orally administered biodegradable microspheres target the Peyer's patches. ... K. (1995) Immune responses and protection against bordetella pertussis infection after intranasal immunization of mice with filamentous haemagglutinin. orally), in the nose (i.e. If an intranasal Bordetella vaccine is given subcutaneously it needs to be documented thoroughly so that the animal can be monitored appropriately. Intranasal Bordetella Vaccine The use of the intranasal vaccine continues to rise among veterinarians due to its ease of use. Nasal vaccines are often placed directly in the nasal canal. "We have given over 500 doses of the new VANGUARD ® B Oral without any complications. In order to determine the comparative efficacy of vaccines administered intranasally or orally to protect puppies from disease subsequent to experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a randomized controlled trial was performed using 48 approximately 8-week-old specific pathogen free, Bb naive Beagle puppies. Bordetella bronchiseptica is an important bacterial component in canine infectious respiratory disease complex. Your dog may experience some sneezing right after the nose drops have been administered, followed by persistent periods of coughing and nasal discharge that can last between three to 10 days. Kennel cough is easily spread from one dog to another and is highly contagious. Overall, the literature (comprising experimental infection models and field studies) documents the . There are two forms of the kennel cough vaccine, live vaccine and killed vaccine. " Very affordable compared to other brands of Bordetella. Most bordetella vaccines on the market today (injectable, oral or nasal) have been licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for annual protection. Your email address will not be published. It dissolves in the mouth slowly. With a SQ Bordetella vaccine, immunity does not develop until 2-3 weeks after the second vaccine is given. Found inside â Page 639... values ( given in CFU ) after intravenous , intraperitoneal , subcutaneous , intranasal , or oral introduction of ... B. pseudomallei consequence of the overwhelming could be detected in the tissues of IV- septicemia that spilled ... Learn More. Can a dog be given on overdose of bordetella vaccine and, if so, what would the symptoms be. Puppies were randomized into three groups and administered vaccines . I like how they recommend to dilute with only half the solution for tiny puppies. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Bookshelf Bordetella dog shots are administered on an optional basis and they protect dogs from the bacteria bordetella bronchi septica.Bordetella bronchiseptica is rarely fatal in healthy adult dogs, but it can cause a number of distressing symptoms such as dry, hacking cough, clear nasal discharge and clear eye discharge. The vaccine can be given as injection under the dog's skin or through the nose, based on the behavior of their dogs and what they can tolerate. Puppies can receive injectable Bordetella vaccines . How long does it take for Bordetella immunity to develop? The parenteral B bronchiseptica vaccine by the oral or intranasal route; the parenteral vaccine is an inactivated cell culture extract and not effective . A new, oral vaccine administered inside a dog's cheek, has launched that was shown to be effective against canine infectious tracheobronchitis, which is caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica.. Can Bordetella be given orally? Found inside â Page 305Sustained protective immunity against Bordetella pertussis nasal colonization by intranasal immunization with a vaccine-adjuvant ... Baumann E, Binder BR, Falk W, Huber EG, Kurz R, Rosanelli K. Development and clinical use of an oral ... 1 answer. Humans can suffer from a whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis), which also involves a harsh cough caused by the pertussis toxin. Found inside â Page 727Avirulent intranasal vaccines could be given via the nostrils using special applicators. ... Severe liver damage and even death of the animal could be caused by an accidental injection of the intranasal Bordetella vaccines [194]. 5. Bordetella Vaccine Schedule. The toxins from the vaccine will also kill the ciliated lining of the trachea, creating a denuded area susceptible to anything coming down the windpipe. Tiny nostril tips are included! SOLO-JEC KC is an intranasal vaccine that protects against two common causes of kennel cough: Bordetella bronchiseptica. One advantage of the intranasal Bordetella vaccine is that it has a fast onset of immunity, possibly within 48-72 hours. Bethesda, MD 20894, Help Keywords: My puppy received an injection today and then the oral vaccine because we are going away in three weeks. Ideally, all dogs and puppies should receive an IN vaccine at least 3 days and up to 1 week prior to admission to the shelter, although we . Lemoine C, Thakur A, Krajišnik D, Guyon R, Longet S, Razim A, Górska S, Pantelić I, Ilić T, Nikolić I, Lavelle EC, Gamian A, Savić S, Milicic A. Company: Merial Bordetella Bronchiseptica Vaccine, Avirulent Live Culture. Can a human get Bordetella pertussis from a dog? However, antigens can . PMC The intranasal vaccine is squirted directly into the nasal cavity, making the most sense, considering that it is a direct shot to the upper respiratory system where Bordetella likes to wreak havoc. Comparative efficacy of intranasal and injectable vaccines in stimulating. The Bordetella vaccine is a noncore vaccine that is given to dogs that are frequently exposed to other dogs in boarding or social settings. Injectable Bordetella vaccine does not offer this added benefit. Th … Infectious tracheobronchitis is known colloquially as kennel . Ellis JA, Haines DM, West KH, Burr JH, Dayton A, Townsend HG, Kanara EW, Konoby C, Crichlow A, Martin K, Headrick G. J Am Vet Med Assoc. It may be associated with Bordetella infection. Kennel Cough can rarely lead to a much more serious pneumonia. Never. A new, oral vaccine administered inside a dog’s cheek, has launched that was shown to be effective against canine infectious tracheobronchitis, which is caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Found inside â Page 899VACCINE POSSIBLE PUPPY PROTOCOL DOG PROTOCOL Bordetella bronchiseptica alone or with CPiV and/or CAV2 Annual booster ... Intranasal and oral vaccines may be given as a single dose to puppies (intranasal vaccines can be used as early as ... The vaccine, called Bronchi-Shield Oral, is the first live, avirulent Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine licensed to be administered orally to dogs, the St. Joseph, Mo.-based company said. Rapid onset of immunity is, of course, of primary importance in a shelter setting, where animals are continuously exposed to infectious diseases. NOTE: Administration of an oral or intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine to a patient that is concurrently receiving antibiotic therapy may significantly alter the vaccine (live bacteria) resulting in minimal or no response following vaccination. 83% of veterinarians believe mucosal vaccination is the best way to vaccinate for respiratory disease in dogs. A new, oral vaccine administered inside . Puppies can be given the injectable Bordetella vaccine starting at six to eight weeks of age, and a booster at ten to twelve weeks . However, in puppies, older dogs and unhealthy dogs, this condition can be life-threatening. Intranasal Bordetella vs. Injectable Bordetella. Here are some simple instructions to use as a guide. The first three species to be described (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica . In case of adult dogs, the intranasal vaccine can be given once, and the injectable vaccine should be given twice, two to four weeks apart. The vaccine provides a weakened form of the pathogen, allowing the body to develop antibodies, it's own form of protection so it can fight off real Bordetella. Found inside â Page 355Chitosan microparticles for oral vaccination: Preparation, characterization and preliminary in vivo uptake studies in ... immune responses by intranasal administration of chitosan microspheres containing Bordetella bronchiseptica DNT. Found insideThe first dose should not be administered before 4 days of age (unless the live culture intranasal vaccine is being ... The combination of injectable/oral vaccination has given good results in many herds, yet all vaccines seem to have ... subcutaneously). This has been effective for us without the drowning feeling for the wee ones. Found inside â Page 389New developments and opportunities in oral mucosal drug delivery for local and systemic disease. ... as an adjuvant of chitosan microspheres in the intranasal delivery of Bordetella bronchiseptica antigens containing dermonecrotoxin. For all vaccines, it is important to vaccinate at least 5 days before potential exposure. Clinical signs, nasal bacterial shedding and immune responses were monitored for 28 days after challenge. orally), in the nose (i.e. To recap: Starting May 1, Camp Bow Wow will require Intranasal and Injectable Bordetella annually (not every 6 months). Found inside â Page 1339TABLE 1 Examples of Commercial Veterinary Vaccines Administered by Mucosal Routesa Species Foxes, coyotes, raccoons Horses ... intranasal Attenuated intranasal Viable irradiated thirdstage larvae Live cultureâoral, intranasal Intranasal ... For example, as we explored above, the vaccine for Bordetella bronchiseptica is available as an oral vaccine, a nasal vaccine or as an injectable vaccine. Intranasally vaccinated puppies had significantly lower rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing (i.e. Even if your dog starts off with intranasal for Bordetella, it is still recommended that they go with injections for the annual boosters. No. Epub 2020 Mar 17. 2020 Apr;176:86-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.005. Found inside â Page 169Microparticles 169 References for intranasal immunization. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2001, ... Orally administered microencapsulated Bordetella pertussis fimbriae protect mice from B. pertussis respiratory infection. Infect Immun 1996, 64, ... The orally vaccinated puppies had less coughing and less retching than the control puppies, but nasal discharge and sneezing did not differ from control animals. Found inside â Page 324Again in an experimental setting, intranasal vaccination against B. bronchiseptica provided superior protection compared with oral vaccination (Ellis et al., 2016). Intranasal Bordetella vaccines occasionally cause clinical signs, ... Your email address will not be published. Introduction. Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats. Is there an oral Bordetella shot for dogs? Careers. The distinction between the orally vaccinated puppies and the control puppies was less consistent. Adult cats and kittens older than 16 weeks of age . The injection method for Bordetella is the far more popular method for a reason. Then there's intraoral delivery, as in the Recombitek Oral Bordetella vaccine from Merial, now part of Boehringer Ingelheim. "Bordetella bronchiseptica is a bacteria that lives in the airways and creates respiratory problems in dogs," Dr. Schwartz told The Dodo. muscular or subcutaneous injection, there are several vaccines that are administered through other means. Bordetella vaccination is given either by injection or intra-nasal route, Intra-nasal refers to the liquid vaccine administered as nose drops, Diarrhea After The Vaccination? Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. Puppies can be vaccinated using the intranasal vaccine as early as 3 weeks of age, with the next dose administered 4 weeks later. Found inside â Page 634Drugs that can be administered orally for outpatient treatment of bacterial pneumonia should be selected on the basis of culture and antimicrobial susceptibility results for organisms isolated from the lower airways. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Q. Side Effects Of The Bordetella Vaccine. Found inside â Page 120Aerosol , parenteral , and oral antibiotic treatment of Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in dogs . ... Intranasal infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica in gnotobiotic piglets . ... Farrington , D.O. , and Switzer , W.P. 1977. Found inside â Page 80465,466 A water - miscible vitamin A derivative , retinol palmitate , can increase DTH , 467 the number of lymph node cells ... can increase the immunogenicity of antigens delivered to mucosal surfaces by oral or intranasal delivery . If desired, the nasal vaccine can be given the first time, followed by the injectable vaccine for future boosters. Intranasal administration of the vaccine into the dog's nose stimulates immunity inside the nasal passage where much of the disease process begins. It states that the intranasal vaccination with live avirulent bacteria is recommended for dogs expected to enter a kennel or participate in a dog show within six months of the vaccination date. The canine Bordetella appears to pose minimal risk to humans, and the human Bordetella likewise does not appear to pose a risk to dogs. The encyclopedia details best practices of equipment used, methods for manufacturing, options for packaging, and routes for drug delivery. The volumes also provide a thorough understanding of the choices behind each method. For dogs, there are two options to deliver the Bordetella vaccine: the injection under the skin (using needle) and through nose drops (intranasal). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Quick Answer: What should I get my boyfriend for our 5 year anniversary? There are two types of Kennel Cough vaccines: injectable and intranasal. Found inside... against Bordetella bronchiseptica using an injectable or oral formulation as opposed to the intranasal one. ... has presented the patient for the intranasal vaccination, then asking permission to share alternative options will ... There are two types of Kennel Cough vaccines: injectable and intranasal. DO NOT ADMINISTER: An intranasal B bronchiseptica vaccine by the oral route because concentration of B bronchiseptica in an intranasal vaccine is less than that in an oral vaccine. RECOMBITEK Oral Bordetella is administered in the dog’s buccal cavity (inside the cheek). How often Bordetella vaccine is given depends a little on your pet's risk. A new, oral vaccine administered inside a dog's cheek, has launched that was shown to be effective against canine infectious tracheobronchitis, which is caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Egberink H, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. eCollection 2020. In order to determine the comparative efficacy of vaccines administered intranasally or orally to protect puppies from disease subsequent to experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a randomized controlled trial was performed using 48 approximately 8-week-old specific pathogen free, Bb naive Beagle puppies. The intranasal vaccine can be given as early as 3 weeks of age but is generally not done at that age. Nobivac Intra-Trac 3. Due to the recently published study comparing injectable and nasal vaccines, it is currently recommended that the injectable vaccine be given. A critical review of the literature 1977-2014. 6 Types of Swimsuits That Flatter All Body Types, 7 Tips To Throw Memorable Weekend Parties, 7 Most Annoying Things About Windows 10 And How To Fix Them. A three-year-old wire fox terrier inadvertently was given an intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza vaccine subcutaneously. The bordetella vaccine is given to both puppies and adult dogs. Com- Although both intranasal and oral Bb vaccines stimulated immune responses associated with disease sparing following Bb infection, the intranasal route of delivery conferred superior clinical outcomes. Puppies were randomized into three groups and administered vaccines containing Bb intranasally or orally, or a placebo intranasally. Veterinary Epidemiologic Research is a comprehensive text covering the key principles and methods used in veterinary epidemiologic research. Can the INTRANASAL B. bronchiseptica vaccines be administered by the ORAL route? ". Bordetella Vaccine Side EffectsPet owners want to know what to expect after their dog or cat receives the Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine, throat and windpipe where the . ISCAID Proceedings, Portland, OR, 2018. Let me know if I can help further. Can oral or intranasal Bordetella vaccine be given parenterally? 2009 Jul;11(7):610-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.010. Introducing. Bordetella bronchiseptica is an important bacterial component in canine infectious respiratory disease complex.1 2 To date, there are injectable, oral and intranasal monovalent and combination vaccines available for vaccination of dogs to reduce or avoid the clinical signs of infection with B bronchiseptica.Several studies, some comparative, have evaluated the efficacy of these . Rapid onset of immunity is, of course, of primary importance in a shelter setting, where animals are continuously exposed to infectious diseases. In general, healthy adult dogs that come into contact with large groups of other dogs should have a Bordetella vaccine annually, and boarding facilities may require a booster within the last six months. Boosters are required every six months to a year depending on your individual's risk factors. 2007 Jan 13;160(2):41-5. doi: 10.1136/vr.160.2.41. Bordetella species, with the exception of B. petrii, are obligate aerobes, as well as highly fastidious, or difficult to culture.All species can infect humans. The Convenient. In healthy adult dogs, the condition is typically not life threatening. J Small Anim Pract. Found inside â Page 17... and Bordetella bronchiseptica increasing antibody levels after intranasal or oral administration [121, 122]. Although it is generally accepted that the oral route is tolerogenic, oral administration of an antigen can result in local ...
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