In Hirscher it was the zeal for a supposedly good cause, though he was implicated in theological errors; Dollinger and Reusch attempted to cover their defection from the Church and their refusal to acknowledge the papal infallibility by holding up to the ridicule of the world ecclesiastical conditions and affairs which they thought militated against that infallibility; the latest phase of this opposition is mainly the result of misunderstandings. In the case of a consummated marriage between Christians the marriage bond is absolutely indissoluble; but where there is question of a consummated marriage between pagans the bond may be dissolved if one of the parties is converted to the Faith, and if the other conditions of what is known as the "Pauline Privilege" are fulfilled. Consequently, theology as a science, if it would avoid the danger of error, must ever remain under the tutelage and guidance of the Church. Roman Catholicism in the United States: A Thematic History takes the reader beyond the traditional ways scholars have viewed and recounted the story of the Catholic Church in America. Alphonsi” is that of Leonard Gaude, C.SS.R. While the arguments, strictly so called, for the existence of God are given in philosophy or in apologetics, dogmatic theology insists, upon the revealed doctrine that God may be known from creation by reason alone, that is, without external revelation or internal illumination by grace. As the contest with Pelagianism and Semi-pelagianism purified the dogmas of grace and liberty, providence and predestination, original sin and the condition of our first parents in Paradise, so in like manner the contests with the Donatists brought out more clearly and strongly the doctrine of the sacraments (baptism), the hierarchical constitution of the Church, hermagisterium, or teaching authority, and her infallibility. The history of Probabilism is given under this title, suffice it to say here that from the middle of the seventeenth century when the violent discussion of this question begins, the development of moral theology coincides with that of Probabilism and of other Probabilistic systems; although these systems touch only a small portion of morals and of moral truths and nothing is farther from the truth than the opinion, so widespread among the adversaries of Catholic morals, that Probabilism gave a new shape and a new spirit to the whole of moral theology. I cannot oblige my-self, because I cannot be my own superior; still less can I oblige the whole human race, and yet I feel myself obliged to many things, and cannot but feel myself absolutely obliged as man, and hence cannot but regard all those who share human nature with me as obliged likewise. Controversial theology was carried to the highest perfection by Cardinal Bellarmine (d. 1621). The work produced by creation is divided into three kingdoms, rising in tiers one above another: world; man; angel. Blessed Henry Suso, a Dominican (b. at Constance, c. 1295; d. at Ulm, 1366): “Exemplar” (Augsburg, 1482). Here, Mauro Gagliardi uses synthesis as it has been applied to the Hypostatic Union in Christ: the "Synthetic Union" of the two natures in one Person. The author treats asceticism apart from mysticism. Watch popular content from the following creators: Thinking_Christian(@thinking_christian), Kelly(@kllyc), DD2(@dotingdadof2), Faith WorksToday(@faithworkstoday), Ethan Renoe(@ethanrenoe) . Besides, it not rarely happens that the passive virtues reveal a higher degree of moral energy than the active. Division and Contents: POHLE, Christlich-katholische Dogmatik in Die Kultur der Gegenwart by HINNEBERG (Leipzig, 1909), I, IV, 2, p. 37 sqq. The essence of the sacrifice is generally thought to consist neither in the Offertory nor in the Communion of the celebrant, but in the double consecration. In 1759 St. Alphonsus Liguori issued his great pastoral theology, “Homo apostolicus”. Vol. The name pastoral theology is new; the science is as old as the Church itself, as appears from the manifold instructions given by Jesus to His Apostles for the care of souls (Matt., x, 6 sqq. Similarly, the articles of faith must not be looked upon by the theologian as troublesome barriers, but as beacon-lights that warn the mariner, show him the true course, and preserve him from shipwreck. When the dogmatic material with the help of the historical method has been derived from its sources, another momentous task awaits the theologian: the philosophical appreciation, the speculative examination and elucidation of the material brought to light. The former is well known for his ascetical works, while the latter devoted himself to the practice of the confessional and the ordinary work of the pastor. But in attempting this task, the theologian cannot look for aid to modern philosophy with its endless confusion, but to the glorious past of his own science. ): “It is true that the autonomy and the autocracy of the moral being separates morals and religion”; he would have been nearer the mark, had he said: “they destroy all morals”. Within the whole range of “religio”, including its notion and relative position, its various acts and practices, as prayers, vows, oaths, etc., the sins against it, there can hardly be found a dogmatic or casuistic question that has not been either solved or whose solution has not at least been attempted. 14. The basic idea of his works, especially prominent in his treatise “De gratia et libero arbitrio”, is that the life of the Christian should be a copy of the life of Jesus. The Irish Bishop Richard Radulphus of Armagh (d. 1360), in his controversy with the Armenians, also fell into dogmatic inaccuracies, which paved the way for the errors of Wyclif. It was especially Irish Franciscans who promoted the theological activity of their order, as Mauritius Hibernicus (d. 1603), Anthony Hickay (Hiquus, d. 1641), Hugh Cavellus, and John Ponce (Pontius, d. 1660). In the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, there appeared a number of similar, though conciser, works which treat moral-theological questions as a part of universal theology with the genuine spirit of Scholastic science. Inasmuch as a considerable number of individual doctrines may be claimed by either discipline, no sharp line of demarcation can be drawn between the subject-matter of dogma and morals. The band of loyal champions who fought against pagan Polytheism and idolatry is very large: Justin, Athenagoras, Tatian, Theophilus of Antioch, Hermias, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Cyprian, Minucius Felix, Commodianus, Arnobius, Lactantius, Prudentius, Firmicius Maternus, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Gregory of Nazianzus, Cyril of Alexandria, Nilus, Theodoret, Orosius, and Augustine. He contrasts Christ with, and finds Him superior to, Aaron and his successors, Moses and the Prophets (Heb., v, 4; x, 11; vii, 1-22; iii;1-6; i, 1). Of course, it is clear that the mediatorship of Mary is entirely subordinate to that of Her Divine Son and derives its whole efficacy and power therefrom. Reformation of morals gave a fresh impetus to theological science. also “In Psalm.”, 26, 2, in P.L., XXXVI, 662). I Cor., ix, 22), His spirit of unselfishness and sacrifice, His patience and meekness, and, finally, His asceticism as revealed in his fastings (Matt., iv, 2; vi, 18). Modernism claims to possess in its immediate and immanent sense of God a congenial soil for the growth of mysticism; this soil, however, does not receive its waters from the undefiled fountain-head of Catholic piety, but from the cisterns of Liberal Protestant pseudo-mysticism, which are tainted, either confessedly or secretly, by Pantheism. Jahrh. The Methods: DE SMEDT, Principes de la critique historique (Liege, 1883); LANGLOIS ET SEIGNOBOS, Introduction aux études historiques (3rd ed., Paris, 1905); BERNHEIM, Lehrbuch der historischen Methode u. Geschichtsphilosophie (5th ed., Leipzig, 1908).--On the Scholastic method cf. Considering the actual condition of human nature, they declare these necessary for the removal of obstacles and for the liberation of man’s moral forces, thus claiming for asceticism a positive character. The practical reason is that the existing denominational differences demand a more thorough apologetic treatment of these problems; and again, the subject-matter itself contains nothing else than the preliminary and fundamental questions of dogmatic theology properly so called. That Christ is the supreme model and pattern of the Christian life is proved from Scripture, as e.g. Theology.—The subject will be treated under the several heads of: I. Dogmatic (with its parts, Christology and Soteriology); II. What light does hermeneutics shed 370 On the contrary, the practice of the passive virtues is a support and aid to true activity. In regard to the Trinity and Christology, St. Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444) is even today a model for dogmatic theologians. But simultaneously with this commendable labor we encounter elements of disintegration, due partly to the Fraticelli‘s wrong conception of mysticism, partly to the aberrations and superficiality of Nominalism, partly to the distressing conflict between Church and State (Philip the Fair, Louis of Bavaria, the Exile at Avignon). The third charge, directed against Judaical hypocrisy which neglects the fostering of the interior life, is refuted by every work on casuistry, however meagre, for every one of them states most emphatically that, without the state of grace and a good intention, all external works, no matter how difficult and heroic, are valueless in the sight of God. Imprimatur. This doctrine is, however, implied in the language of the inspired writer. His main work, which is divided into three parts, is entitled: “Fons scientiae” (p?g? [For the first of these three (Christology) see the separate article.]. “It is a classic in its ascetical unction and perfect in its artistic style” (Hamm, “Die Schonheit der kath. The volume concludes with a discussion of the particular states of life in the Church of God, including those which suppose an extraordinary, Divine guidance. Gabriel Biel, though ranking among the better Nominalists and combining solidity of doctrine with a spirit of loyalty to the Church, yet exerted a baneful influence on his contemporaries, both by his unduly enthusiastic praise of Occam and by the manner in which he commented on Occam’s writings. Fr. As a Jew, Jesus Christ was born under the Law (Gal., iv, 4). We must also mention three qualities special to justification or sanctifying grace: its uncertainty, its inequality, and the possibility of its being lost. He, too, borrows the first principles of his science from the higher knowledge of God without proving them. Asceticism (ask?sis, askein), taken in its literal signification, means a polishing, a smoothing or refining. Ps. J. Pohle) - pdf, text, kindle format. First to assert its independence was canon law, which, together with dogmatic theology, was the chief study in the medieval universities. Usually it does not form part of the ordinary classroom studies, but is imparted by spiritual masters in their personal direction of souls, or inculcated, as in seminaries and novitiates, by special conferences and courses of spiritual reading. The moral struggle then consists first of all in attacking and removing the obstacles, that is the evil concupiscences (concupiscence of the flesh, concupiscence of the eyes, and pride of life), which effects of original sin serve to try and test man (Trid., Sess. According to the Apocalypse, Christ is the first and the last, the alpha and the omega, the eternal and the almighty (i, 8; xxi, 6; xxii, 13). The heresy of Nestorius was condemned by Celestine I in the Roman Synod of A.D. 430 and by the Council of Ephesus, A.D. 431; the Catholic doctrine was again insisted on in the Council of Chalcedon and the second Council of Constantinople. “Since it is the chief aim of theology to communicate the knowledge of God, not only as He is in Himself but also as the beginning and end of all things and particularly of rational creatures we shall speak first of God, secondly of the tendency of the rational creature towards God“, etc. The Apostle dwells with emphasis on Our Lord’s real share in our physical human weakness (II Cor., xiii, 4), on His life of suffering (Heb., v, 8) reaching its climax in the Passion (ibid., i, 5; Phil., iii 10; Col., i, 24). Apart from the domain of dogma proper, the theologian may approach the numerous controversial questions and more intricate problems with the same freedom as is enjoyed by any other scientist. Pohle-Preuss Complete Manual of Dogmatic Theology - 12 Volumes in Six Books. Of St. John Chrysostom we have “De sacerdotio”; of St. Augustine, “Confessiones”, “Soliloquia”, “De cathechizandis rudibus”, “De patientia”, “De continentia”, “De bono coniugali”, “De adulterinis coniugiis”, “De sancta virginitate”, “De bono viduitatis”, “De mendacio”, “De cura pro mortuis gerenda”, so that the titles alone suffice to give an intimation of the wealth of subjects discussed with no less unction than originality and depth of thought. It is upon the doctrine of Anselm and Bernard that the Scholastics of succeeding generations took their stand, and it was their spirit which lived in the theological efforts of the University of Paris. De Lamennais (d. 1854), the beginning of whose career had held out promises of the highest order, turned from the truth and led others astray. However, though Mary's bodily Assumption has not yet been solemnly declared an article of faith, nevertheless the Church has practically demonstrated such to be her belief by celebrating from the earliest times the feast of the Assumption of the Mother of God. The first to deserve mention is the Englishman Thomas Bradwardine (d. 1340), the foremost mathematician of his day and Archbishop of Canterbury. But they can never repair the material damages caused to sacred science, when, abandoning St. Thomas Aquinas, it went hand in hand with Kant and other champions of our age. Christ’s Divinity in the Pauline Epistles.—According to St. Paul, the superiority of the Christian revelation over all other Divine manifestations, and the perfection of the New Covenant with its sacrifice and priesthood, are derived from the fact that Christ is the Son of God (Heb., i, 1 sq. US$ 299.00 US$ 239.00. The latter has to explain clearly the truths of faith and prove them to be such; it must also, as far as possible, show their accordance with reason, defend them against objections, trace their connection with other truths, and, by means of theological argumentation, deduce further truths. A philosophical understanding of the dogma of the Trinity was attempted by the Fathers, especially by St. Augustine. This is the purpose of the “scholastic” method, from which “scholastic theology” takes its name. The contents of a modern work on moral theology, as, for instance, that of Slater (London, 1909), are: Human acts, conscience, law, sin, the virtues of faith, hope, charity; the precepts of the Decalogue, including a special treatise on justice; the commandments of the Church; duties attached to particular states or offices; the sacraments, in so far as their administration and reception are a means of moral reform and rectitude; ecclesiastical laws and penalties, only in so far as they affect conscience; these laws forming properly the subject-matter of canon law, in so far as they govern and regulate the Church as an organization, its membership, ministry, the relations between hierarchy, clergy, religious orders, laity, or of spiritual and temporal authority. Jude, too, introduces himself as the servant of Jesus Christ, through union with whom Christians are kept in a life of faith and holiness (I); Christ is our only Lord and Savior (4), Who punished Israel in the wilderness and the rebel angels (5), Who will come to judgment surrounded by myriads of saints (14), and to Whom Christians look for the mercy which He will show them at His coming (21), the issue of which will be life everlasting. Under his leadership a brilliant phalanx of theologians, as Passaglia (d. 1887), Schrader (d. 1875), Cardinal Franzelin (d. 1886), Palmieri (d. 1909), and others, continued the work so happily begun and reasserted the right of the speculative element in the domain of theology. Germany suffered from the mildew of “Enlightenment”. From this it follows at once that Atheism must be branded as heresy and that Agnosticism may not plead mitigating circumstances. Dogmatic theology gets its name from the Greek and Latin word dogma which, when referring to theology, simply means "a doctrine or body of doctrines formally and authoritatively affirmed." Basically, dogmatic theology refers to the official or "dogmatic" theology as recognized by an organized church body, such as the Roman Catholic Church, Dutch Reformed Church, etc. A handy reference work in this matter is Ferraris, “Prompta bibliotheca”, together with its supplement edited by Bucceroni (Rome, 1885). Though for the most part the author of ascetic works with a mystical tendency, he used the weapons of scientific theology against Abelard’s Rationalism and the exaggerated Realism of Gilbert de La Porree. One other work must also be mentioned, viz., the so-called “Medulla theologise moralis” of Hermann Busenbaum (d. 1688), which has become famous on account of its very extensive use (forty editions in less than twenty years during the lifetime of the author) and the number of its commentators. This internal unity was also marked externally by the comprehensive name of science of faith (scientia fidei), or sacred science (scientia sacra). These include the long list of condemned propositions, which must be considered as danger signals along the boundary between lawful and illicit, not only when the condemnation has been pronounced by virtue of the highest Apostolic authority, but also when the congregation instituted by the pope has issued a general, doctrinal decision in questions bearing on morals. The Jesuits were ably seconded by the Dominicans Orsi (d. 1761) and Mamachi (d. 1792). . Among his numerous works are: “Lapis lydius boni spiritus”; “Considerationes de soliditate verse virtutis”; “De sublimitate perfectionis”; “De brevissima ad perfectionem via”; “Vota religiosa”. P.L., IV, 194 sq. In Holland the defense of religion was carried on by the two learned brothers Adrian (d. 1669) and Peter de Walemburg (d. 1675), both auxiliary bishops of Cologne and both controversialists, who easily ranked among the best. Nothing could be more at variance with the essential character of theology than an endeavor to set upon it the stamp of nationalism: like the Catholic Church itself, theology must ever be international. Dogmatic theology was the only discipline, and comprised apologetics, dogmatic and moral theology, and canon law. Widely divergent are the views of the theologians as to the metaphysical essence of the sacrifice of the Mass, that is to say, as to the question how far the idea of a real sacrifice is verified in the double consecration. What essentially distinguishes the two sciences is the so-called formal principle or formal object. He wrote a valuable commentary on the theological “Summa” of St. Thomas, which, combined with a similar work by Bartholomew Medina (d. 1581), forms a harmonious whole. They locate its place in Bethlehem of Juda (Mich., V, 2-14), they determine its time by the passing of the scepter from Juda (Gen., xlix, 8-12), by the seventy weeks of Daniel (ix, 22-27), and by the “little while” mentioned in the Book of Aggeus (ii, 1-10). Endowed with uncommon, speculative genius and clear, practical judgment, he in many instances pointed out entirely new paths towards the solution of moral questions. The question of the predestination of the blessed and the reprobation of the damned is admittedly one of the most difficult problems with which theology has to deal, and its solution is wrapped in impenetrable mystery. We also mention St. Ignatius of Antioch, of whose letters St. Polycarp says that they contain “faith and patience and all edification in the Lord”, and the “Pastor” of Hermas, who in the twelve commandments inculcates simplicity, truthfulness, chastity, meekness, patience, continence, confidence in God, and perpetual struggle against concupiscence. To return once more to the Book of Isaias, the prophet foretells the rejection of the Messias through a league with death (xxvii); the Psalmist alludes to the same mystery where he speaks of the stone which the builders rejected (cxvii). Catholic Dogmatic Theology: A Synthesis Book 1, On the Trinitarian Mystery of God. This Handbook will offer a comprehensive and reliable introduction to Christian theological literature originating in western Europe from, roughly, the end of the French Wars of Religion (1598) to the Congress of Vienna (1815). Matt., xvi 24-25). Not all of the various virtues were examined by Suarez; besides the treatise on the theological virtues, we possess only that on the virtue of religion. It is true that mysticism includes also matter of ascetics, such as the endeavor of purification, vocal prayer, etc. Active and passive generation, together with active and passive spiration, lead to the doctrine of the four relations, of which, however, only three constitute persons, to wit, active and passive generation (Father, Son), and passive spiration (Holy Ghost). Moral”, Munich-Gladbach, 1911, p. 74). Suarez in the proemium of his commentaries on the I-II of St. Thomas. As jurisprudence must enable the future judge and lawyer to administer justice in individual cases, so must moral theology enable the spiritual director or confessor to decide matters of conscience in varied cases of everyday life; to weigh the violations of the natural law in the balance of Divine justice; it must enable the spiritual guide to distinguish correctly and to advise others as to what is sin and what is not, what is counselled and what not, what is good and what is better; it must provide a scientific training for the shepherd of the flock, so that he can direct all to a life of duty and virtue, warn them against sin and danger, lead from good to better those who are endowed with necessary light and moral power, raise up and strengthen those who have fallen from the moral level. These had gradually fallen from the high level to which they had risen at the time of St. Thomas; the desire of solid advancement had frequently given place to seeking after clever argumentations on unimportant questions. Lastly, the fourth charge springs from a very grave theological error. Here some theologians treat in detail of the preliminary or preparatory dispositions for contemplation, of natural or moral aptitude, solitude, prayer, mortification or self-denial, corporal and spiritual, as a means of soul-purification; these topics, however, belong more properly to the domain of ascetical theology.
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