Influenza or flu is a common viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. There are three different types of influenza virus – A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases 2020-2021 Recommendations for Influenza Prevention and Treatment in Children: An Update for Pediatric Providers Fatimah S. Dawood, MD Influenza Division, CDC . 1. The pandemic killed 40-50 million people in less than a year, but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933. Influenza epidemics, also known as seasonal flu, occur annually and are the most common emerging infection among humans. Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazards and risks on global health, backed up by expert opinion, this report covers more than 130 diseases and injuries. Their current research involves the investigation of the functional significance of the interaction between NS1 with the ESEV PBM and these protein targets. danielaguzmann. The virus is so deep within the respiratory tract that it is not coughed up or sneezed out, and so it does not easily infect other people. As stated above for influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus, other influenza virus names can be shortened after a first mention that includes the word "influenza," but, as appropriate, the word word "virus," "infection," or "outbreak" should be added to the name. There are two different kinds of spikes, each made of a different protein - one is the hemagglutinin (HA) protein and the other is the neuraminidase (NA) protein.. Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics with significant mortality. The latter one, can help to identify the subtype of the virus. Unlike human influenza viruses, which infect cells high in the respiratory tract, the H5N1 HA protein attaches to cells much lower in the respiratory track. A vaccine to protect against the H1N1 virus was developed, tested, and approved and became available in October 2009. The progeny nucleocapsid are assembled and the newly synthesized H and H proteins are inserted to certain inner regions of host's plasma membrane. The greatest fear is that a new pandemic influenza virus could emerge that could pass from person to person as easily as the H1N1 virus, but be as deadly as the H5N1 virus. The lethal H5N1 strain has a different version of the NS1 protein than the NS1 protein of other strains of influenza. Influenza C is common but rarely causes disease. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Two different varieties of glycoprotein spike are embedded in the envelope. In addition, Dr. Robert Couch set up serologic assays for evaluation of immune responses. In March 2013, three fatal human cases of infection with influenza A virus (H7N9) were reported in China. Since the virus can persist outside the body for some time, it can also be transmitted from hands contaminated with the virus. Travel and trade bans may be implemented in some cases, although if the disease is already widespread, these may not be considered effective. As a result, the virus is engulfed. The site is designed to be a helpful resource for students, educators, and A simple method suitable for self-administration of vaccine would improve mass immunization, particularly during a pandemic outbreak. In 1943, he isolated Influenza B virus, which contributed to the development of an influenza (flu) vaccine. No human infections by these H5 viruses have been reported in the United States, but their presence in birds makes it more likely than human H5 infections could occur in the United States. Nowadays, two types of antiviral drugs are used against influenza: Influenza vaccine is used against seasonal influenza and is composed of three formalin-inactivated influenza viruses: two type A virus strains and one type B virus strain. Flu A viruses can be broken down into sub-types depending on the genes that make up the surface proteins. Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. Pandemic influenza occurs when more significant changes in the influenza A virus arise as a result of the acquisition of genes from influenza viruses of other animal species by a human virus strain, thus creating a novel virus. danielaguzmann. Exact numbers are not known due to the widespread nature of the outbreak and because most patients, especially those with mild cases, were not tested. So preventing children from spreading influenza through large-scale vaccination of this group should protect the rest of the “herd” from influenza infection, even those who haven’t been vaccinated. Pandemics, on the other hand, happen once every few decades on average. Clearly, a more rapid method of vaccine development is needed. Ebola virus is a class A bioterrorism agent, known to cause highly lethal hemorrhagic fever. They occur when a new subtype of influenza A arises that has either never circulated in the human population or has not circulated for a very long time (so that most people do not have immunity against the virus). Although all other RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the target cells, influenza virus has a unique feature: this process takes place in the nucleus of the target cells. The human subtype is able to infect humans and pigs, but not ducks, while the duck subtype is able to infect ducks and pigs, but not humans. It indicated that the virus had changed to allow it to directly infect humans. Specifically, to gain this knowledge scientists are engaged in the following projects: In addition, MVM researchers with the VTEU have been evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccine in pregnant women. While mild side effects, such as soreness at the site of injection, aches, and low-grade fever, may occur as a result of receiving a flu shot, it is not possible to get the flu (H1N1 or seasonal) from the vaccine. Although the changes may be small, they may be significant enough so that the human immune system will no longer recognize and defend against the altered proteins. Notably, the department is home to the BCM Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit (VTEU), one of nine federally funded centers in the nation established by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Immune response to influenza. As of February 2015, approximately 570 cases and 210 deaths have been reported to the WHO, mostly in China. Several different parameters were tested: the number of doses required (one or two), different dosage amounts (15 or 30 micrograms), and different age groups (18 to 64 years old, age 65 and older, and healthy children). Learn more about the classification of influenza viruses, influenza outbreaks, and influenza symptoms and treatment. It is notable that the NS1 protein of the virulent influenza viruses, such as H5N1, contains a PBM with the sequence ESEV, while other less virulent influenza viruses contain a different PBM sequence or lack this region entirely. Narrator: Robert, Roger and Jessie were walking to their Microbiology class one November afternoon. Houston, TX 77030. Unfortunately, a vaccine against influenza pandemic is not available yet but an ongoing research is still in progress. Pathogenesis of avian viruses. Most patients have experienced severe respiratory illness, with about one-third of the cases resulting in death. Influenza pandemics are caused by type A viruses, and therefore these are the most feared type of influenza virus; neither types B or C have caused pandemics. Seasonal influenza epidemics cause worldwide morbidity and mortality (), whereas the vast reservoir of influenza A viruses in aquatic birds represents continual pandemic threats (2-4).Vaccines remain essential for influenza prevention, but their efficacy is substantially reduced in the elderly, who are at increased risk of influenza-related complications (3, 5, 6). Robert, Roger and Jessie explore a campus outbreak of influenza using a basic mathematic model that was developed to simulate an influenza outbreak and its progression. influenza h1n1 swine flu PowerPoint Presentation. New research provides insights into how the body can protect itself from immunopathology during flu. The VTEU network conducts clinical trials that evaluate vaccines and treatments for a wide array of infectious diseases. However, H5N1 currently does not transmit easily between people, so the risk of a large outbreak is low at this time. H protein facilitates the attachment of the virus and the release of viral genome into target cells, whereas N protein mediates the release of the newly synthesized virions from the infected cells. Oral Microbiology Powerpoint 2. Date. Developing new vaccines for induction of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against influenza viruses that can prevent or modify infections. The aim of this book is to help the reader appreciate the relevance of virology in the modern world, including the fields of vaccines, anti-viral drugs and cancer. There is also a chapter on prions. Viral Genomes Virus A Virus Is A Noncellular. For example, the H2N2 subtype, which infected people between 1957 and 1968, is no longer found in humans. The SlideShare family just got bigger. It is estimated that influenza (flu) results in 31.4 million . The drugs reduce the risk of pneumonia - a major cause of death from influenza - and the need for hospitalization. Virus shift can take place when a person or animal is infected with two different subtypes of influenza. Significantly, the majority of cases of H1N1 infection, including severe and fatal cases, occurred in young and otherwise healthy individuals generally between the ages of 5 and 50, with relatively few deaths among the elderly. viral RNAs expressed . There are two ways that influenza virus changes – these are called drift and shift. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites . Double stranded rna virus structure-21 RNA viruses The genome of many RNA viruses is ssRNA, whereas the genome of others, such as reovirus, is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) Furthermore, ssRNA viruses are classified as positive and negativesense ssRNA viruses that . Historically, influenza pandemics arise about three to four times each century. About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. To date, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been identified. Influenza is caused by viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae. INFLUENZA. The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. Found inside – Page 1414Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N l influenza A viruses. Science 200l:293:l840-l842 ... Stability of plasma human immunodeficiency virus load in VACUTAINER PPT plasma preparation tuhes during overnight shipment. J Clin. However, it is possible to get vaccinated but still get influenza, since the vaccine cannot include all possible strains of the virus. Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. You now have unlimited* access to books, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. America's fourth largest city is a great place to live, work and play. The flu A and B viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. As a result of the rapid, global spread of H1N1, the first pandemic of the 21st century was declared in June of 2009. THE INFLUENZA VIRUSES. This book will be an essential guide for healthcare professionals, policymakers, drug manufacturers and investigators. Identifying the optimal way to induce mucosal immune responses to influenza viruses that can increase resistance to infection at the site where infection initially occurs. Influenza is a highly infectious viral disease that can occur as a pandemic, epidemic, outbreak and in form of sporadic cases. 200 nm 0.2 µm 0.0002 mm 0.0000002 m Different Shaped Viruses They . Individuals having close contact with live infected poultry or surfaces contaminated with the avian influenza viruses are at highest risk of infection in places where the viruses circulate. This was due to the novel swine-origin H1N1 virus which emerged in 2009. Performing clinical trials of new and experimental vaccines as part of a program for development of improved influenza vaccines. Because these regions are shared between different strains, it is hoped that the vaccine would trigger the immune system to respond to multiple strains. Currently, there is concern about the new avian H7N9 virus. Type of genomic nucleic acid Size of virion and genome Capsid structure Host Replication mechanism Size of Viruses Ranges of sizes 20 nm to 500 nm (spherical) 12 nm to 300-2000 nm (rod like) Easily observed with electron microscope Ex.1 Mimivirus is 500 nm Infects algae Ex.2 Parvovirus is 20 nm in diameter Infects algae Viral genomes range in . L. Palmer, Dr. M. L. Martin, Courtesy:CDC C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Summary and maps of weekly seasonal flu activity from the CDC, General flu information from the US Department of Health and Human Services, Flu information from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Information about avian flu in humans from the WHO, Information about swine flu in humans from the WHO, Information about the 2009 H1N1 swine flu from the CDC, Information about the 2009 H1N1 swine flu from the WHO, Information about avian H5N1 flu in humans from the CDC, Information about avian H7N9 flu in humans from the CDC. The influenza virion is an enveloped virus that derives its lipid bilayer from the plasma membrane of a host cell. Influenza A (H7N9) had previously been detected in birds, but this particular variant had never been seen before in humans or animals. Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine. Evaluating the safety of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine will yield vital information in anticipation of the need to test novel vaccines against possible future pandemic strains, in pregnant women. The new subtype often causes serious illness and death, even among healthy individuals, and can spread easily through the human population. 8 plasmids expressing. Approximately 80 percent of the spikes are hemagglutinin, a trimeric protein that functions in the attachment of the virus to a host cell. Influenza vaccines Influenza vaccine development. Vaccines can be developed to protect humans from influenza viruses. development of pneumonia) or death in people at high risk, such as children under two years old, elderly people and patients with chronic diseases or compromised immune system. Between Sept 28, 2020, and Nov 28, 2020, a total of 15 187 participants were randomised into the main phase 3 trial, of whom 15 139 received treatment (7569 received dose one of NVX-CoV2373 and 7570 received dose one of placebo). Although it is called swine flu, the new H1N1 virus is transmitted from person to person, and not through contact with pigs or pork products. Their hope is that the results of these studies will identify the optimal and most effective dosages of vaccine to protect the public from seasonal influenza, as well as from a possible influenza pandemic. This 2003 edition includes a preface discussing the then recent outbreaks of diseases, including the Asian flu and the SARS epidemic. There are 17 different versions of HA and 10 different versions of NA. The present book covers contemporary topics of community, hospital, and health care-related bacterial and viral pneumonia in the setting of drug resistance, environmental exposures, climate change, hormonal influences, and gender. Allantoic Cavity is the most popular and simple method for viral inoculation. In a nutshell, a virus is a non-cellular, infectious entity made up of genetic material and protein that can invade and reproduce only within the living cells of bacteria, plants and animals. Because pregnant women are at higher risk for serious complications from the flu, it is important to develop strategies to protect these women from seasonal and pandemic influenza. In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. Take the case, for example, where there are two different subtypes of influenza circulating at the same time, one in humans and one in ducks. About Science Prof Online PowerPoint Resources • Science Prof Online (SPO) is a free science education website that provides fully-developed Virtual Science Classrooms, science-related PowerPoints, articles and images. These tiny creatures are everywhere, even on you and in you! Typically, influenza has an acute onset characterized by: Most affected people recover within a week without requiring medical attention. Oral Microbiology Powerpoint 1. In April of 2009, an influenza virus originating in swine was discovered to be capable of infecting humans and spreading from person to person. A diagnosis based solely on clinical signs and symptoms cannot be made since these symptoms can be present in numerous other infections (except in epidemic or pandemic cases). But influenza can cause serious illnesses (e.g. expressed from . The IAV genome consists of eight single-stranded viral RNA segments contained in separate viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP . Although the influenza virus that caused the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame. This co-pathogenesis … Infectious agents are discussed in relation to their morphology, biology, epidemiology and pathogenesis. The first wave took place in the spring of 2009, with a second wave commencing in late August as children and college students returned to classes. They are known to cause diseases including the common cold, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in humans.In January 2020, China saw an outbreak of a new coronavirus strain now named SARS-CoV-2. The effectiveness of the vaccine varies due to the high antigenic variability of the virus. It affects solely the upper respiratory tract and rarely spreads to other organs. A new virus subtype has been created. There were some differences between the pandemic H1N1 flu and regular, seasonal flu. However, influenza viruses can and do develop resistance to these drugs - as one of the main circulating seasonal viruses did during a recent flu season - so that the drugs can no longer be used to treat or prevent infections. Influenza naturally infects wild birds all around the world, although they usually do not become ill. vectors. The reasoning behind this idea is that school-age children are often the source of infection and pass the virus onto their friends, teachers, and family members. The WHO established a six phase pandemic alert system in 2005 in response to the potential threat of the H5N1 avian influenza virus. This is because viruses lack the required cellular machinery. Pandemics are associated with widespread illness - and sometimes death - even in otherwise healthy people. Powerpoints 1/2 Practice test. The book is organized in a logical manner to aid in student discoverability and comprehension and is based on the author’s more than 20 years of teaching experience.
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