Not only had Charles placed Sweden in a calamitous situation internationally, but he had left behind him a legacy of domestic troubles. [citation needed]. Gustavus Adolphus. The Battle of Lützen (1632) was a decisive battle of the Thirty Years' War.It was a Protestant victory, but cost the life of one of the most important leaders of the Protestant alliance, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, which caused the Protestant campaign to lose direction later.Near the spot where Gustavus Adolphus fell, a granite boulder was placed in position on the day after the battle. [15][16], His artillery were themselves different—in addition to the usual complements of heavy cannon, he introduced light mobile guns for the first time into the Renaissance battlefield. The king observed the spirit of the charter. (1594-1632). Gustavus Adolphus, also called Gustav II Adolf, (born December 9, 1594, Stockholm, Sweden—died November 6, 1632, Lützen, Saxony [now in Germany]), king of Sweden (1611-32) who laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power.. share. [32] A procession including his widow Maria Eleonora escorted the corpse to the harbour, along with a display of banners from all counties and principalities. Early years of reign. There he sustained yet another shot in the back, was stabbed and fell from his horse. He was hailed as a hero by Protestants all over Europe. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles had also begun a war in Russia in an attempt to put forward his younger son, Charles Philip, for the vacant Russian throne and then, when his armies were deeply committed in Russia, had rashly provoked war with Denmark. Back then, Gustavus's cousin Sigismund ruled Sweden from Poland. [19], Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him one of the greatest generals of all time, an evaluation agreed with by George S. Patton and others. [22] On 30 June 1632, Gustavus Adolphus signed the Foundation Decree of Academia Dorpatensis in Estonia, today known as the University of Tartu. Yet Gustavus Adolphus's own "manifesto of war" does not mention any religious motivations at all but speaks of political and economic reasons. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf, The History Learning Site - Biography of Gustavus Adolphus, HistoryNet - Biography of Gustavus II Adolphus, Gustavus Adolphus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The charter that the Estates extorted from Gustavus when he became king in 1611 might well have entailed the virtual subjection of the monarchy to the council and the high aristocracy. Both council and Riksdag were identified with the king’s policies, not least because of Gustavus’s brilliant gift for expounding them: his speeches reveal him as a master of debate and an orator of extraordinary eloquence and force. For 12 years in the first half of the 17th century, Germany had been devastated by the Thirty Years' War. He grew up in this era of turmoil in his native Sweden and the continent of Europe. The first decade of the reign, therefore, saw the creation of the Supreme Court (1614) and the establishment of the Treasury and the Chancery as permanent administrative boards (1618), and by the end of the reign an Admiralty and a War Office had been created—each presided over by one of the great officers of state. Reformation. Return Policy Since childhood the king had been studying the art of war, and . Everywhere the Roman Catholic and imperialist party was triumphant, and it seemed as though the Protestant faith would be driven . The result was the battle of Lützen on November 6, 1632 (by the Protestant calendar), an epic showdown between the best Catholic and Protestant commanders in Europe. Five black-dressed members of the privy council (riksämbetsmän) carried the regalia before the royal corpse, which lay on a bier adorned with black cloth. A) Ferdinand II totally defeated the Protestants of Germany. In Gustavus Adolphus's' army the units were extensively cross-trained. Gustavus was the eldest son of Charles IX and his second wife, Christina of Holstein. This time both the grieving Dowager Queen, Maria Eleonora and the king's seven-year-old daughter Christina attended. [citation needed] His reign became known from his actions a few years later when, in June 1630, he landed in Germany, marking the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War. In most of them the assassin was named as Prince Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenburg, who was next to the king on the occasion and was thought to be acting on behalf of the enemy. [citation needed], Gustavus Adolphus was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg,[a] the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. The Swedes discovered huge deposits of copper, which were used to build brass cannon. Gustavus Adolphus, the hero general of the Reformation, was born at the royal palace at Stockholm, Sweden, December 9th, 1594, a little more than one hundred years after the birth of Luther, nearly fifty years after his death, and five ... Wallenstein, Although Gustavus Adolphus won a great victory at Breitenfeld, the war was far from over. Early years of reign. Richard Brzezinski says his legendary status was based on inaccurate myths created by later historians. As a general, Gustavus Adolphus employed mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized. Gustavus Adolphus College, a Lutheran college in St. Peter, Minnesota, is also named for him. His advancements in warfare made Sweden the dominant Baltic power for the next hundred years (see Swedish Empire). As late as the 19th century several stories were retold about Gustav Adolph's death. Sources The Thirty Years War by C. V. Wedgwood Sources The Thirty Years War by C. V. Wedgwood Gustavus Adolphus and the Struggle of Protestantism for Existence by C. R. L. Fletcher Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain, marking the high point of the campaign. [20], Pikemen could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing line. During the 17th century Swedish cannons enjoyed an excellent reputation and were sold to the Dutch, British, and French armies. Learn more about how Gusties are living out the core values of excellence, community, justice, service, and faith. [31][page needed] The plate cuirass normally worn by important officers at that time was replaced by a buff coat made of moose hide, which would have serious consequences later. The Polish war was resolved in 1629 by the Truce of Altmark, and Gustavus was at last free to turn his attention to Germany. Michael Roberts, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660" in Clifford J. Rogers, ed., Swedish National Archive (the original document can be seen there in Stockholm, and a copy at the same institution at Lund), Kungsbrev 1600-tal, Kings' Letters, 17th Century, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War. By the early 1630s, neither Catholic nor Protestant Europe had decisively defeated each other. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In this improved climate it was possible to undertake measures of sweeping reform. Burkhardt argues that traditional Swedish historiography constructed a defensive interest in security out of that by taking the manifesto's text for granted.
Long Island Expressway Closure Today,
Ameren Construction Hotline,
Can The Attorney General Be Fired By The President,
Quetzalli Jewelry Chain,
Graco Slimfit Platinum Installation,
Birds That Look Like Turkey Vultures,
Mitchell Starc Retirement,
Unsafe Deserialization Fix C#,
Install Igraph Python,
Metasploit Socks Proxy,